Essential Oils · Cinnamomum Oils
Cinnamomum verum J.Presl: cinnamon leaf oil
Cinnamomum verum J.Presl
- Family
- Lauraceae
- Genus
- Cinnamomum
- ISO standard
- ISO 3524:2003
Species
| Binomial | Cinnamomum verum |
|---|---|
| Accepted name | Cinnamomum verum J.Presl |
| WCVP status | accepted |
| Family | Lauraceae |
| Genus | Cinnamomum |
| IPNI identifier | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:463752-1 |
| ISO standard | ISO 3524:2003 |
Source: Govaerts R. (ed.), World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, accessed on 21/09/2026.
Source: ISO 3524:2003.
Source: Plants of the World Online (POWO), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, taxon page « Cinnamomum verum J.Presl », archived copy of 30/09/2026 (Internet Archive), accessed on 30/10/2026.
What is cinnamon leaf oil, and from which plant does it come?
According to the World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP, Kew), in the extract read on 28/10/2026, Cinnamomum verum J.Presl is a name of rank “Species” with the status “Accepted”, placed in the family Lauraceae (identifier 2721692). According to the opinion of the EFSA FEEDAP Panel, “cinnamon leaf oil is produced by steam distillation”. For the leaves, the same opinion states that the essential oil is extracted by steam distillation and then separated from the aqueous phase by decantation.
In its entry for the taxon “Cinnamomum verum J.Presl”, Plants of the World Online (POWO, Kew) gives “Sri Lanka” as the native range of the species. POWO further characterises this species as “a tree” growing “primarily in the wet tropical biome”.
The sections below follow one source at a time; their figures are not combined from one source to another.
How does the EFSA FEEDAP Panel opinion characterise cinnamon leaf oil?
The opinion describes the essential oil obtained from leaves as “a brownish grey, clear mobile liquid with a characteristic aroma”, on “five batches of the additive (from two different producers, all originating from Sri Lanka)”. According to the opinion, the analysis of three batches of the leaf oil “showed compliance with these specifications when analysed by GC‐FID and expressed as % GC area”, the specifications being those used by the applicant. A note of the opinion attached to this analysis of three batches gives, by GC‐FID: eugenol (76–77%), eugenyl acetate (3.75%), benzyl benzoate (3.0–3.4%) and (E)‐cinnamaldehyde (1.0–1.2%). When five batches of the leaf oil were analysed by GC–MS, the four compounds of the specification “accounted for 86.1% on average (range 83.8–88.5%) of the product, expressed as area % of the GC profile”.
Which constituents does Table 9 of the opinion give?
Table 9 of the opinion gives the constituents of the essential oil from the leaves of Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, with the applicant’s specification and the batch-to-batch variation over five batches, in % GC area.
| Constituent (as written) | Specification | Mean | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eugenol | 70–85 | 79.0 | 76.1–82.6 |
| Eugenyl acetate | 1.3–5.0 | 2.71 | 1.55–4.68 |
| Benzyl benzoate | 2.0–4.5 | 3.54 | 3.15–4.08 |
| (E)‐Cinnamaldehyde | ≤ 3 | 0.86 | 0.59–1.13 |
| Total | 86.1 | 83.8–88.5 |
Which other constituents does Table 10 of the opinion give?
Table 10 of the opinion lists the “Other constituents of the essential oil from the leaves of Cinnamomum verum J. Presl accounting for > 0.05% of the composition”, not included in the specification, over five batches, in % GC area.
| Constituent (as written) | Mean | Range |
|---|---|---|
| β‐Caryophyllene | 3.28 | 3.08–3.54 |
| Linalool | 1.66 | 1.33–2.33 |
| Cinnamyl acetate | 1.41 | 1.05–1.65 |
| Safrole | 0.92 | 0.81–1.09 |
| α‐Phellandrene | 0.87 | 0.64–1.07 |
| α‐Pinene (pin‐2(3)‐ene) | 0.75 | 0.61–0.87 |
| p‐Cymene (1‐isopropyl‐4‐methylbenzene) | 0.68 | 0.57–0.82 |
| Limonene | 0.26 | 0.21–0.31 |
| β‐Phellandrene | 0.26 | 0.18–0.28 |
| Camphene | 0.23 | 0.16–0.25 |
| β‐Pinene (pin‐2(10)‐ene) | 0.20 | 0.13–0.28 |
| 3‐Phenylpropyl acetate | 0.13 | 0.07–0.22 |
| Benzaldehyde | 0.10 | 0.07–0.13 |
| α‐Thujene | 0.09 | 0.07–0.12 |
| 1,8‐Cineole | 0.09 | 0.07–0.13 |
| Cinnamyl alcohol | 0.08 | 0.07–0.09 |
| α‐Terpinene | 0.08 | 0.06–0.10 |
| Terpinolene | 0.08 | 0.07–0.13 |
| Bicyclogermacrene | 0.07 | 0.04–0.13 |
| delta‐Cadinene | 0.07 | 0.03–0.17 |
| Myrcene | 0.06 | 0.05–0.09 |
Table 10 also names “α‐Copaene”, “3,7,10‐Humulatriene”, “β‐Caryophyllene epoxide”, “α‐Terpineol” and “δ‐3‐Carene” among these constituents; their means and ranges are not given here. In the same table, the row “1‐Isopropenyl‐4‐methylbenzene” gives a mean of 0.05 and a range of 0.04–0.09 (% GC area).
What else does the opinion report on the content of the leaf oil?
According to the opinion, besides safrole, “cinnamon leaf oil also contains methyleugenol (on average: 0.028%, range: 0.025–0.030%)”. In the leaf oil, “Camphor was detected in two batches (on average: 0.006%, range: 0.005–0.007%)”. In the leaf oil, “coumarin was not detected (LOD, 0.01%)”. Styrene was detected in four batches of cinnamon leaf oil; the opinion gives an average of 0.009% and a range of 0–0.013%. According to the summary of the report of the European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) reproduced in Annex A of the opinion, for the quantification of cinnamaldehyde “in both cinnamon oils” the applicant proposed a GC‐FID method “based on the standard ISO 3524:2003 for “Oil of cinnamon leaf, Sri Lanka type (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume)””. In WCVP, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume is a name with the status “Synonym”, whose accepted name carries identifier 2721692, that of Cinnamomum verum J.Presl.
How did Narayanankutty et al. (2021) obtain and analyse a leaf oil from Kerala?
According to Narayanankutty et al. (2021), the Cinnamomum verum leaves studied were collected from the Kerala Agriculture University, Thrissur, Kerala, then washed, frozen and powdered at −80 °C. About 500 g of leaves were weighed on a digital balance, then extracted by steam distillation for 5 h, by methods that the article refers to Nagarajan et al. [40]. The authors state that the individual essential oils were extracted by steam distillation in three separate sets of process, and that their results are presented as mean ± SD. The yield of the leaf essential oil (LEO) obtained by steam distillation was 1.44 ± 0.09%. The authors express this yield as a percentage, in mL of essential oil obtained from 100 g of plant material. The GC-MS analysis followed the conditions of an earlier article by Nagarajan et al., with an SPB-1 column [40], and the percentage composition was estimated from the relative peak areas of the GC-MS chromatogram. In the notes to Table 1, the relative area corresponds to relative contents expressed as percentages of the total oil composition, and “LEO” designates the essential oil obtained from leaves.
Which compounds does Table 1 of Narayanankutty et al. (2021) give for the leaf oil?
The rows below are those of Table 1, LEO column, in the table’s order, with the names and Kovats indices (KI) as the table writes them; the percentages are relative peak areas.
| No. | Compound | KI | % (relative area) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Camphene | 945 | 0.24 |
| 2 | β-pinene | 967 | 0.33 |
| 3 | Sabinene | 972 | 0.85 |
| 4 | Myrcene | 988 | 1.54 |
| 5 | 1,4-Cineole | 1010 | 0.52 |
| 6 | Limonene | 1020 | 0.38 |
| 7 | Cis-β-Ocimene | 1024 | 0.08 |
| 8 | trans-β-Ocimene | 1028 | 0.07 |
| 9 | p-Cymene | 1018 | 1.88 |
| 10 | Linalool | 1095 | 18.92 |
| 11 | γ-Terpinene | 1054 | 0.19 |
| 12 | α-Terpineol | 1296 | 0.84 |
| 13 | Piperitone | 1247 | 0.22 |
| 14 | Geraniol | 1254 | 0.62 |
| 15 | (E)-Cinnamaldehyde | 1262 | 35.6 |
| 16 | (Z)-Cinnamaldehyde | 1271 | 0.65 |
| 17 | Eugenol | 1358 | 18.69 |
| 18 | (E)-Cinnamyl acetate | 1443 | 12.5 |
| 19 | Eugenyl acetate | 1496 | 1.38 |
| 20 | Benzyl benzoate | 1754 | 0.25 |
How did Xavier et al. (2022) sample and distil leaves in Brazil?
According to Xavier et al. (2022), leaf samples of five cultivated Cinnamomum verum were collected in Belém (PA, Brazil), Benevides (PA, Brazil), Curuçá (PA, Brazil) and Maranhãozinho. The plant vouchers were identified and catalogued at the João Murça Pires Herbarium of the Emilio Goeldi Museum, Pará state, Brazil. Four commercial samples of cinnamon leaves were purchased in local markets in Belém (PA, Brazil) and labelled “Cve-6c to Cve9-c”, to check the authenticity of the commercialised product.
Table 3 of the article gives the type, collection site and voucher of each sample, with the codes as it writes them.
| Sample | Type | Collection site | Voucher |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cve1 | Cultivated | Maranhãozinho | 243613 |
| Cve2 | Cultivated | Curuçá (PA) | 243614 |
| Cve3 | Cultivated | Belém (PA) | 243615 |
| Cve4 | Cultivated | Benevides (PA) | 243616 |
| Cve5 | Cultivated | Belém (PA) | 243617 |
| Cve6-c, Cve7-c, CVe8-c, Cve9-c | commercialized | Not cataloged |
The leaves were dried for two days at room temperature and then distilled; the dry leaves were pulverised and hydrodistilled in a Clevenger-type apparatus (3 h). The oils were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the yields were calculated on the dry weight of the plant material; the moisture content of each sample was measured with an infrared moisture balance, and the article states that “The procedure was performed in triplicate”. In Table 1 of the article, the “Oil Yield (%)” row reads: 0.54 (CVe1), 1.67 (CVe2), 1.30 (CVe3), 1.90 (CVe4), 2.50 (CVe5), 0.70 (CVe6-c), 0.50 (CVe7-c), 0.80 (CVe8-c) and 2.50 (CVe9-c). The authors report an oil content of 1.9–2.5% for samples Cve4, Cve5 and Cve9-c, which presented the eugenol chemotype (>85%).
How did Xavier et al. (2022) analyse the oils?
The oils were analysed by GC-MS on an Rxi-5ms silica capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm; 0.25 μm film), with the injector at 250 °C, the oven programmed from 60 to 240 °C (3 °C/min), helium as carrier gas at a linear velocity of 36.5 cm/s (1.0 mL/min), and splitless injection of 1 μL of sample (oil 5 μL : hexane 500 μL). Ionisation was by electron impact at 70 eV, with the ion source and the transfer line at 200 °C and 250 °C, and mass spectra were acquired every 0.3 s over 35–400 m/z. The quantitative data were obtained by peak-area normalisation on a gas chromatograph with a flame ionisation detector (FID), operated under conditions similar to those of the GC-MS system. The retention index of every volatile component was calculated with a homologous series of C8-C20 n-alkanes, by the linear equation of Van den Dool and Kratz [69], and the components were identified by comparing their retention indices and mass spectra with library data [28,29,70]. In the note to Table 1, superscripts 1 and 2 refer to references [50] and [51], “RI(C)” is the calculated retention index and “RI(L)” the literature retention index; Cve1–Cve5 are the cultivated C. verum and Cve6-c–Cve9-c the commercial ones.
Which constituents does Table 1 of Xavier et al. (2022) give?
The table below reproduces Table 1 (“Volatile compositions of Cinnamomum verum leaf essential oils”, “Constituent (%)”), with the names and the column headings “IR(L)” and “IR(C)” as the table writes them. A blank cell is a cell left empty by the source, except in the rows marked *, where only the cells shown are reproduced.
| Constituent | IR(L) | IR(C) | CVe1 | CVe2 | CVe3 | CVe4 | CVe5 | CVe6-c | CVe7-c | CVe8-c | CVe9-c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethylbenzene | 857 | 859 | 0.01 | ||||||||
| Styrene | 891 | 891 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||
| Tricyclene | 921 | 922 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |||||
| α-Thujene | 924 | 925 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.03 | |||
| α-Pinene | 932 | 933 | 2.89 | 1.18 | 1.52 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 1.69 | 1.51 | 0.33 | 0.23 |
| Camphene | 946 | 947 | 1.45 | 0.6 | 1.03 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.12 | 0.13 |
| 6-Methylheptan-2-ol | 958 | 950 | 0.14 | ||||||||
| Benzaldehyde | 952 | 957 | 2.36 | 0.51 | 2.13 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.45 | 0.8 | 0.44 | 0.26 |
| Sabinene | 969 | 972 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.02 | |
| β-Pinene | 974 | 976 | 1.36 | 0.59 | 0.87 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.76 | 0.85 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
| Myrcene | 988 | 989 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.3 | 0.06 | 0.02 |
| Mesitylene | 994 | 993 | 0.01 | ||||||||
| n-Decane | 1000 | 998 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | |||||
| α-Phellandrene | 1004 | 1004 | 0.48 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.74 | 0.57 | |
| δ-3-Carene | 1008 | 1010 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | ||||
| α-Terpinene | 1014 | 1016 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.03 | ||
| p-Cymene | 1020 | 1023 | 0.34 | 0.1 | 0.53 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.02 |
| β-Phellandrene | 1025 | 1027 | 0.29 | 1.45 | 0.32 | ||||||
| Limonene | 1024 | 1027 | 0.96 | 0.66 | 0.59 | 0.07 | 1.34 | 0.18 | |||
| 1,8-Cineole | 1026 | 1030 | 0.01 | ||||||||
| Benzyl alcohol | 1026 | 1031 | 1.06 | 0.82 | 0.71 | 0.06 | 0.63 | 0.67 | 0.26 | 0.03 | |
| (Z)-β-Ocimene | 1032 | 1035 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.04 | 0.05 | |||||
| Butyl 2-methylbutyrate | 1042 | 1038 | 0.02 | ||||||||
| Salicylaldehyde | 1039 | 1040 | 0.03 | 0.03 | |||||||
| (E)-β-Ocimene | 1044 | 1045 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.89 | 0.01 | ||||
| γ-Terpinene | 1054 | 1056 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.01 | |||||
| Acetophenone | 1059 | 1063 | 0.04 | ||||||||
| cis-Linalool oxide (furanoid) | 1067 | 1070 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | ||||||
| trans-Linalool oxide (furanoid) | 1084 | 1087 | 0.04 | ||||||||
| Terpinolene | 1086 | 1087 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.06 | ||||
| Methyl benzoate | 1088 | 1094 | 0.01 | 0.02 | |||||||
| Linalool * | 1095 | 1099 | 3.66 | 3.13 | 3.69 | ||||||
| 2-Methylbutyl 2-methylbutyrate | 1100 | 1103 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |||
| α-Campholenal | 1122 | 1124 | 0.09 | ||||||||
| (trans)-p-Menth-2-en-1ol | 1136 | 1137 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |||||||
| (trans)-Pinocarveol | 1135 | 1137 | 0.16 | ||||||||
| Camphor | 1141 | 1143 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.04 | ||||
| Pinocarvone | 1160 | 1161 | 0.36 | ||||||||
| Hydrocinnamaldehyde † | 1599 | 1160 | 1.4 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.2 | 0.45 | ||
| Benzyl acetate | 1157 | 1162 | 0.72 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.75 | 0.04 | 0.1 | 0.04 | ||
| Borneol | 1165 | 1164 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.05 | |
| Pyruvophenone | 1169 | 1165 | 0.14 | ||||||||
| Ethyl benzoate | 1169 | 1169 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | |||
| Terpinen-4-ol | 1174 | 1176 | 0.1 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.04 | |
| Naphthalene | 1178 | 1181 | 0.04 | ||||||||
| p-Cymen-8-ol | 1179 | 1183 | 0.02 | ||||||||
| α-Terpineol | 1186 | 1189 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.3 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.43 | 0.15 | 0.11 |
| (4Z)-Decenal | 1193 | 1192 | 0.08 | 0.01 | |||||||
| Myrtenol | 1194 | 1195 | 0.03 | 0.12 | |||||||
| Methyl chavicol | 1195 | 1197 | 0.01 | ||||||||
| (Z)-Cinnamaldehyde | 1217 | 1217 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.06 | ||||||
| Hydrocinnamyl alcohol † | 1124 | 1228 | 0.13 | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.05 | |||||
| Chavicol | 1247 | 1253 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.06 | |||||
| 2-Phenylethyl acetate | 1254 | 1255 | 0.05 | 0.03 | |||||||
| (E)-Cinnamaldehyde * | 1267 | 1274 | 2.4 | 3.51 | 1 | 3.03 | 3.04 | 3.76 | 10.82 | 4.86 | |
| (E)-Cinnamyl alcohol | 1303 | 1303 | 0.25 | 1.27 | 0.04 | ||||||
| Isobutyl benzoate | 1327 | 1327 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | ||||||
| δ-Elemene | 1335 | 1337 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.06 | |||||
| α-Cubebene | 1345 | 1349 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.04 | ||||||
| Eugenol | 1356 | 1356 | 1.07 | 2.13 | 0.7 | 91 | 90.15 | 54.51 | 1.32 | 1.69 | 85.68 |
| Hydrocinnamyl acetate | 1366 | 1370 | 2.91 | 0.29 | 1.3 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 1.26 | 0.1 |
| Butyl benzoate | 1376 | 1371 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.02 | |||||
| α-Copaene | 1374 | 1376 | 2.24 | 0.23 | 2.9 | 0.39 | 0.24 | 0.09 | 1.32 | 0.58 | 0.36 |
| Geranyl acetate | 1379 | 1382 | 0.05 | ||||||||
| β-Bourbonene | 1387 | 1384 | 0.07 | ||||||||
| (Z)-Cinnamyl acetate | 1388 | 1387 | 0.53 | ||||||||
| β-Cubebene | 1387 | 1390 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.02 | ||||||
| β-Elemene | 1389 | 1392 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.05 | |||||
| Methyl eugenol | 1403 | 1403 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.13 | ||||||
| cis-α-Bergamotene | 1411 | 1414 | 0.05 | ||||||||
| (E)-Caryophyllene | 1417 | 1420 | 2.75 | 1.53 | 0.57 | 1.55 | 1.02 | 2.68 | 2.72 | 1.45 | 1.96 |
| 2-Methylbutyl benzoate | 1438 | 1436 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.03 | |||||
| Aromadendrene | 1439 | 1438 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.03 | |||
| (E)-Cinnamyl acetate * | 1443 | 1452 | 32.1 | 4.43 | 14.94 | 0.82 | 1.2 | 26.15 | 0.36 | ||
| α-Humulene | 1452 | 1454 | 0.7 | 0.32 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 0.21 | 0.52 | 0.68 | 0.33 | 0.38 |
| 9-epi-(E)-Caryophyllene | 1464 | 1460 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.04 | ||||||
| Cadina-1(6),4-diene | 1475 | 1474 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||||||
| γ-Muurolene | 1478 | 1477 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.05 | ||
| Germacrene D | 1484 | 1481 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.83 | 0.07 | ||||
| 2-Phenylethyl 2-methylbutanoate | 1486 | 1485 | 0.11 | 0.02 | |||||||
| (E)-Muurola-4(14),5-diene | 1493 | 1492 | 0.05 | 0.03 | |||||||
| β-Selinene | 1489 | 1494 | 0.09 | ||||||||
| Viridiflorene | 1496 | 1494 | 0.09 | 0.14 | |||||||
| Bicyclogermacrene | 1500 | 1497 | 1.4 | 0.73 | 0.14 | 0.76 | 3.25 | 1.35 | |||
| α-Muurolene | 1500 | 1500 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||
| β-Bisabolene | 1505 | 1508 | 0.04 | ||||||||
| γ-Cadinene | 1513 | 1514 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.07 | ||
| Cubebol | 1514 | 1515 | 0.04 | ||||||||
| δ-Cadinene | 1522 | 1523 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.53 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.1 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.23 |
| Eugenol acetate | 1521 | 1526 | 3.78 | 0.26 | 1.48 | 0.19 | |||||
| (E)-o-Methoxycinnamaldehyde | 1527 | 1527 | 0.03 | 0.03 | |||||||
| (E)-Cadina-1,4-diene | 1533 | 1532 | 0.03 | ||||||||
| α-Cadinene | 1537 | 1537 | 0.02 | ||||||||
| α-Calacorene | 1544 | 1542 | 0.03 | ||||||||
| Caryolan-8-ol | 1571 | 1569 | 0.02 | ||||||||
| Spathulenol | 1577 | 1577 | 0.81 | 0.15 | 3.95 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.64 | 0.8 | 0.07 |
| Caryophyllene oxide | 1582 | 1582 | 0.61 | 0.31 | 7.54 | 0.17 | 0.56 | 0.41 | 0.67 | 0.52 | 0.53 |
| β-Copaen-4α-ol | 1590 | 1586 | 0.34 | ||||||||
| Viridiflorol | 1592 | 1591 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.03 | |||||
| Cubeban-11-ol | 1595 | 1593 | 0.03 | ||||||||
| Rosifoliol | 1600 | 1601 | 0.08 | ||||||||
| Humulene epoxide II | 1608 | 1608 | 0.1 | 0.83 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | ||
| 1-epi-Cubenol | 1627 | 1627 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.02 | |||||
| Caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5-α-ol | 1639 | 1631 | 0.05 | ||||||||
| Caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5-β-ol | 1639 | 1635 | 0.02 | 0.43 | 0.02 | 0.08 | |||||
| α-Muurolol (=Torreyol) | 1644 | 1640 | 0.14 | ||||||||
| epi-α-Murrolol (=τ-muurolol) | 1640 | 1640 | 0.08 | ||||||||
| epi-α-Cadinol (=τ-cadinol) | 1638 | 1640 | 0.2 | 0.04 | 0.06 | ||||||
| Cubenol | 1645 | 1642 | 0.06 | 0.07 | |||||||
| α-Cadinol | 1652 | 1654 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.07 | ||
| 14-Hydroxy-9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene | 1668 | 1670 | 0.45 | ||||||||
| Mustakone | 1676 | 1676 | 0.07 | ||||||||
| Khusinol | 1675 | 1684 | 0.12 | ||||||||
| Amorpha-4,9-dien-2-ol | 1704 | 1698 | 0.04 | ||||||||
| Benzyl benzoate * | 1759 | 1769 | 15.83 | 76.51 | 0.29 | 1.22 | 22.96 | 68.16 | 47.68 | 0.28 | |
| Phytone | 1841 | 1843 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |||||||
| 2-Phenylethyl benzoate | 1856 | 1852 | 0.37 | 2.43 | 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.11 | ||||
| Benzyl salicylate | 1864 | 1866 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.02 | ||||||
| Phytol | 2110 | 2110 | 0.06 | ||||||||
| Monoterpene Hydrocarbons | 8.08 | 3.81 | 4.77 | 0.63 | 0.75 | 6.01 | 7.24 | 1.83 | 0.92 | ||
| Oxygenated Monoterpenes * | 4.24 | 3.56 | 4.47 | ||||||||
| Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons | 8.15 | 3,2 ‡ | 4.74 | 2.42 | 1.89 | 4.38 | 8.98 | 4.97 | 3.31 | ||
| Oxygenated Sesquiterpenes | 1.76 | 0.72 | 14.07 | 0.22 | 0.71 | 0.73 | 1.79 | 1.64 | 0.8 | ||
| Phenylpropanoids * | 9.25 | 21.94 | 60.01 | 40.11 | 91.37 | ||||||
| Benzenoids * | 21.66 | 78.71 | 0.53 | 1.75 | 25.05 | 70.32 | 49.13 | 0.67 | |||
| Others * | 0.03 | 0.13 | |||||||||
| Total Identifield * | 99.93 | 99.77 |
† The table writes an IR(L) of 1599 and an IR(C) of 1160 for hydrocinnamaldehyde, and an IR(L) of 1124 and an IR(C) of 1228 for hydrocinnamyl alcohol. ‡ The CVe2 cell of the “Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons” row is written “3,2” in the table.
Which chemotypes and which DNA identification do Xavier et al. (2022) report?
In their conclusions, the authors write that the diversity of the volatile structures identified in the samples and their distribution were used to differentiate chemotypes, “such as (E)-cinnamyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, (E)-cinnamaldehyde, caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol, linalool, and eugenol”. For the DNA barcoding, the PCR success rate was 100% for all the loci analysed except matK, which showed no amplification in two commercial samples (CVe7-c and CVe9-c). Homology searches with the NCBI Blast program found sequences matching C. verum, giving a species-level identification for the matK region, whereas the psbA-trnH and rbcL sequences gave an identification only at the genus level. The authors conclude that the herbal analysis of the market samples “revealed that all of C. verum samples were authentic”.
Which ISO standard covers oil of cinnamon leaf?
According to the ISO catalogue record of the standard, read in a web archive copy of 08/11/2024, ISO 3524:2003 has the title “Oil of cinnamon leaf, Sri Lanka type (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume)”. In WCVP, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume is a name with the status “Synonym”, whose accepted name carries identifier 2721692, that of Cinnamomum verum J.Presl. The abstract of that record states that ISO 3524:2003 “specifies certain characteristics of the oil of cinnamon leaf, Sri Lanka type (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume), in order to facilitate assessment of its quality”. In the ISO catalogue for ICS class 71.100.60, in a web archive copy of 19/03/2026, the ISO 3524:2003 entry carries this title, stage 90.93 and committee ISO/TC 54. In the copy of 08/11/2024, the record stated that the standard “was last reviewed and confirmed in 2019”, with status “Published”, publication date 2003-11, stage “International Standard under systematic review” (90.20) and edition 2. In the same ICS catalogue, copy of 19/03/2026, an entry ISO 3524:1977 carries the mention “[Withdrawn]”, the title “Oil of cinnamon leaf”, stage 95.99 and committee ISO/TC 54.
See also: drops ↔ ml converter.
References
- Govaerts R. (ed.), World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew — https://sftp.kew.org/pub/data-repositories/WCVP/wcvp.zip
- EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), « Safety and efficacy of feed additives consisting of essential oils from the bark and the leaves of Cinnamomum verum J. Presl (cinnamon bark oil and cinnamon leaf oil) for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl) », EFSA Journal 2022;20(10):e07601, adopted 27 September 2022, doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7601 — https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=9593251
- Narayanankutty A., Kunnath K., Alfarhan A., Rajagopal R., Ramesh V., « Chemical Composition of Cinnamomum verum Leaf and Flower Essential Oils and Analysis of Their Antibacterial, Insecticidal, and Larvicidal Properties », Molecules 2021;26(20):6303, doi:10.3390/molecules26206303 — https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=8537797
- Xavier J.K.A.M., Baia T.G.C., Alegria O.V.C., Figueiredo P.L.B., Carneiro A.R., Moreira E.C.O., Maia J.G.S., Setzer W.N., da Silva J.K.R., « Essential Oil Chemotypes and Genetic Variability of Cinnamomum verum Leaf Samples Commercialized and Cultivated in the Amazon », Molecules 2022;27(21):7337, doi:10.3390/molecules27217337 — https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=9655072
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO), catalogue record « ISO 3524:2003 — Oil of cinnamon leaf, Sri Lanka type (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) », edition 2, 2003-11, archived copy of 08/11/2024 (Internet Archive) — https://web.archive.org/web/20241108214608id_/https://www.iso.org/standard/32036.html
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO), online catalogue, ICS 71.100.60 « Essential oils », archived copy of 19/03/2026 (Internet Archive) — https://web.archive.org/web/20260319152944id_/https://www.iso.org/ics/71.100.60/x/
- Plants of the World Online (POWO), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, taxon page « Cinnamomum verum J.Presl », archived copy of 30/09/2026 (Internet Archive) — https://web.archive.org/web/20260930114759id_/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:463752-1