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Steam Distillation of Essential Oils: Principle
Steam distillation of essential oils: its principle, a laboratory apparatus, the process compared with hydrodistillation, and four published studies.
View details15 methods in our database
Essential Oil Extraction: Distillation, CO₂, Solvent
Extraction methods, each on its own page: steam and hydrodistillation, cold expression, solvent and CO₂ extraction, enfleurage, winterisation.
Chemical Extraction
Chemical Extraction: Solvents, Concrete, Absolute
What chemical extraction with solvents is: concrete, absolute, resinoid; yields from three studies; hexane under CLP and Directive 2009/32/EC.
Mechanical Extraction
Cold Expression of Citrus Oil: Scraping, Pressing
Cold expression of citrus peel oils: definition, what follows pressing, non-volatile content, comparison with hydrodistillation, furocoumarins, hazards.
Mechanical Extraction
Enfleurage: Cold and Hot Fat Extraction, Pomade, Absolute
Enfleurage: definition, origins, pomade and absolute, how three 2009 studies and a 2016 study ran it, and what the 2009 studies measured.
Modern Methods
Enzyme-Assisted Extraction: Pretreatment, Yield, Profile
Enzyme-assisted extraction: definition and five published studies on citrus peels, rosemary, oregano before CO2, Matourea azurea and cellulase.
Purification
Fractional Distillation of Essential Oils Under Vacuum
Fractional distillation: definition, studies of kaffir lime, oregano, rosemary, orange terpene and Litsea cubeba oils; EFSA opinion on star anise terpenes.
Distillation
Hydrodistillation in a Clevenger Apparatus: Yields, Oils
Hydrodistillation: kinetic model, effects on the oil, the product's name, laboratory studies, comparison with CO2 extracts, Ph. Eur.
Modern Methods
Microwave Extraction (MAHD, SFME) vs Hydrodistillation
Microwave-assisted extraction: what limits the technique, and comparative studies on rosemary, sweet basil, three Curcuma species and Damask rose.
Modern Methods
Pressurized Liquid Extraction: Ginger, Rosemary
Pressurized liquid extraction (ASE): how the system is built, and the procedure and results of two studies, on ginger rhizomes and on rosemary leaves.
Modern Methods
Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Before Distillation
Pulsed electric fields (PEF) before distillation: four published studies on eucalyptus, rosemary, thyme, spearmint, red galangal and Wurfbainia villosa.
Purification
Rectification: Folded and Deterpenated Essential Oils
Rectification of essential oils: definition, citrus concentration, deterpenated caraway and marjoram, spearmint, eucalyptus, orange, lemon, EFSA hazards.
Distillation
Steam Distillation of Essential Oils: Principle
Steam distillation of essential oils: its principle, a laboratory apparatus, the process compared with hydrodistillation, and four published studies.
Solvent Extraction
Subcritical Water Extraction: Temperature, Selectivity
Subcritical water extraction: how temperature changes water as a solvent, selectivity, operation, limits, and a study on Aquilaria malaccensis wood.
Advanced Extraction
Supercritical CO₂ Extraction: Principle and Parameters
Supercritical CO2 extraction: principle, why CO2, the EU solvents directive, the plant, parameters, comparison with distilled oils and studies by species.
Modern Methods
Ultrasonic Extraction as a Pretreatment Before Distillation
Ultrasound-assisted extraction: its use as a pretreatment, conditions that change the result, and studies on Tribute citrus, celery and spearmint.
Purification
Winterization: Removing Waxes From Concrete to Absolute
Winterization: its place in making an absolute, how studies on rose, jasmine, labdanum and enfleurage fat ran it, what they measured, CO2 extract waxes.
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